Proverb : a brief popular saying (such as “Too many cooks spoil the broth”) that gives advice about how people should live or that expresses a belief that is generally thought to be true
idiom: an expression that cannot be understood from the meanings of its separate words but that has a separate meaning of its own
 The expression “give way,” meaning “retreat,” is an idiom.
slang: words that are not considered part of the standard vocabulary of a language and that are used very informally in speech especially by a particular group of people
 American slang
 local/military/street
colloquial used when people are speaking in an informal way
 a colloquial word/expression
: using an informal style
 a colloquial writer
catchphrase a word or phrase that is easy to remember and is commonly used to represent or describe a person, group, idea, etc.
 popular catchphrases like “politically correct”
 The politician asked his writers to come up with new catchphrases. [=slogans]
phrasal verb: a group of words that functions as a verb and is made up of a verb and a preposition, an adverb, or both
 “Take off” and “look down on” are phrasal verbs.