Exercises :page 28
1."it" in English is presupposition : reference : subject pronoun.
in Persian it isn't translated .It is implicit.
"spoken" in English is explicit but in Persian it doesn't need to translate.so it's implicit.
2. (a high) in English is translated to .
first: high is rendered into a noun phrase as its TL equivalent so it's Analytical process.
second: high is implicit in English but it's explicit in Persian.
-(empty- looking) in English is rendered into a verbal phrase so it's Analytical process on the other hand it's implicit but in Persian it's explicit and it's translated to :
خالی به نظر میامد.
3. (he in English) is explicit but in Persian it's omitted and the verb carries enclitic.
(stout) in English is implicit and it is rendered into a noun phrase so it's Analytical process.
in Persian it's explicit it is translated to :
بدنی تنومند
(smile): in English it is implicit but in Persian it's explicit and it's translated to :
برلب لبخندداشت.
4.(He): is implicit but in Persian it's explicit and it's translated to
مردجوان.
(took off): is implicit but in Persian it's explicit and it's translated to:
ازسربرداشت .
(wiped): is implicit in English and it's translated to:
دستمال پاک کرد
so in Persian it's explicit.
5."admit the purifying sun shine"
In English is implicit but in Persian it's explicit and it's rendered to
آفتاب تطهیرکننده به درون ساختمان بتابد .
Exercises: page 38
1.in English "will be none" doubt is omitted and it's implicit.
-in Persian it has not been omitted .this omitted "doubt" has been filled with :
شکی
that is repetition of presupposed item . In English "doubt" is implicit but in Persian it is expressed explicitly.
2.in English she is presupposition :reference : subject pronoun .
-in Persian ( she ) is omitted because the verb carries an enclitic subject pronoun.
- in English (she) is explicit but in Persian , او) ) is implicit.
- (herself ) is indirect object _ presupposition : reference : reflexive.
-you: presupposition : reference : subject pronoun.
-in English ( a little ) "trouble" is ellipsis.
3.every thing is substitution.one is substitution ,too.
-in Persian "آدم را به " is explicit but remain in English is implicit.
4. ( I ) presupposition : reference : subject pronoun
-it substitution .direct object _ reference.
-in Persian:من is omitted because the verb carries an enclitic.in English it's explicit but in Persian it is implicit.
-in English ( that ) is substitution for "how should I wear it"
-in second sentence is ellipsis. It's implicit but in Persian it's explicit and اینطوری Is substitution.
5.the first ( you ) is reference subject pronoun but in Persian it's translated to "آدم" .
-the second "you" is reference -direct object pronoun.
-your is reference _ possessive adjective .
- in Persian حواسش is not stressed ,possessive adjective is attached to the noun as enclitic endings.
6. (that ) is substitution and in Persian "اینکار"is substitution.
-"her" is object .presupposition : reference.
-she: presupposition : reference : subject pronoun.
- , ( او) in Persian is implicit because the verb carries an enclitic so (او)is omitted on the other hand she rendered in to خودش .

7. ( it ) is presupposition : reference :subject pronoun.
- (him) is direct object _ reference _ object pronoun.
- weighed upon is implicit in English but in Persian is explicit and it is translated to "بر ذهنش سنگینی کرد" .

8. (herself ) is presupposition :reference : reflexive.in Persian "به نفس" Is translated and it is explicit.
- (don't you ) in English is substitution because the old information. and in Persian it is implicit and "اینطور نیست" is substitution for old information.

9. (she ) is reference subject pronoun and in Persian it's translated to "ایشان"she says" is ellipsis and the old information is omitted. In Persian "اینطور" Substitution for old information.

10.she and it are reference but she is subject pronoun.it is direct object pronoun.
- ( why not ) is ellipsis in English because of an old information.
-in Persian "not" is omitted and "چرا" Is ellipsis.

11.he is reference subject pronoun and it is explicit but in Persian it is omitted.
- (her )in Persian her hands is translated to "دست ...." And it’s explicated, it is stressed, it is used as genitive construction.
12. ( I ) is reference subject pronoun.
- in second sentence is ellipsis because of an old information.
-in Persian "گاهی می شوید" The old information is omitted and it's ellipsis.


Subject : a paragraph with Noun clause and adjective clause .
Do you ever feel that you might be in danger? Sometimes I worry that something could go wrong but I try be avoid that. One time I asked my son to buy some snack . when he was going out ,I stared to feel that my son might be in danger. I would Try to control myself but I can't do it till I went out to observe him. I whispered to "god" that my god !to hold my son . suddenly I saw my son appeared I feel relaxed.

Subject :A paragraph
" Whether you wait or come back later is up to you ! " She said to me with angry . I didn't beat around the bush but I wish that she would stop fooling around so much . Her brother cut out her notebook and she wanted to get even with him . I just said to her " don' t stir him up any more and let's leave him alone for a moment . I can stick it for you ." On the Whole I wanted to break off that fighting . " I have my heart set on making piece and kind with you and your brother ." I replied .She smiled and said " Stop laying off today let's eat these sweet things ."I think she backed up and regretted . I'm glad now.