Name:Parham
Family Name: Nami Farde Tehrani
Term:2
Shift: Evening
Major: English Interpretation
Lecturer: Mrs.Moshtaqi
She studies English
Mr. Williams bought a book
I have polished my shoes
گاهی مواقع فاعل مشخص نیست و نمی دانیم که چه کسی این کار را انجام داده است.
My watch is stolen.
He was killed yesterday.
بعضی مواقع فاعل را می شناسیم ولی ذکر کردن نام فاعل اهمیت خاصی ندارد.
The Pyramids were constructed four thousand years ago.
Eiffel Tower was built at the beginning of the twentieth century.
چگونگی تبدیل جمله معلوم به مجهول
برای تبدیل جمله معلوم به مجهول باید طبق مراحل زیر عمل کنیم
مرحله نخست: مفعول جمله ی معلوم را تشخیص دهید و آن را ابتدای جمله مجهول می نویسیم
مرحله دوم: با توجه به دو عامل (مفرد بودن یا جمع بودن مفعول) و (زمان جمله معلوم) یکی از مشتقات فعل be را می نویسیم. مشتقات فعل be عبارتند ازam – is – are – was – were – be – being – been
مرحله سوم: قسمت سوم فعل(p.p ) جمله ی معلوم را می نویسیم.
با توجه به آنچه در مرحله نخست باید انجام داد به دو نتیجه میرسیم: اول آنکه فقط جملاتی را میتوان به مجهول تبدیل کرد که مفعول داشته باشند، و دوم آنکه اگر جمله ای دو مفعول داشت میتوان دو جمله مجهول از آن ساخت
مثال هایی از تبدیل جملات معلوم به مجهول:
زمان حال ساده
She studies English
English is studied

He writes his homework carefully
His homework is written carefully
They watch TV every night
TV is watched every night

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان حال ساده از am – is – are استفاده می شود

مثال:
John speaks English well.
English is spoken well

We write many letters.
Many letters are written
زمان گذشته ساده
Mr. Williams bought a book
A book was bought

He took some photos last night
Some photos were taken last night

They ate their lunches in the restaurant
Their lunches were eaten in the restaurant

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان گذشته ساده ازwas - were استفاده می شود

مثال:
I read the newspaper yesterday.
The newspaper was read yesterday

We ate our lunches in the cafeteria.
Our lunches were eaten in the cafeteria
زمان حال استمراری
She is studying English now
English is being studied now

He is writing his homework carefully now
His homework is being written carefully now

They are watching TV now
TV is being watched now

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان حال استمراری از am – is – are بهمراه beingاستفاده می شود

مثال:
John is opening the windows.
The windows are being opened

He is smoking many cigarettes.
Many cigarettes are being smoked
زمان گذشته استمراری
Mr. Williams was buying a book
A book was being bought

He was taking some photos last night
Some photos were being taken last night

They were eating their lunches in the restaurant
Their lunches were being eaten in the restaurant

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان گذشته استمراری ازwas - were بهمراه being استفاده می شود
مثال:
I was playing tennis last Friday.
Tennis was being played last Friday

She was doing her exercises.
Her exercises were being done

زمان حال کامل یا ماضی نقلی
I have polished my shoes
My shoes have been polished

He has finished the project
The project has been finished

BP has worked on oil leak problem for two months
Oil leak problem has been worked on for two months

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان حال کامل، پس از have و has، از been استفاده می شود
مثال:
He has spoken to me.
I have been spoken

I have lost my copybook.
My copybook has been lost

زمان حال کامل استمراری (ماضی نقلی استمراری) جملات در قالب این زمان شکل مجهول ندارند
I have been polishing my shoes
He has been finishing the project
BP has been working on oil leak problem for two months
زمان گذشته کامل یا ماضی بعید
Ferdowsi had worked on Shahnameh for thirty years
Shahnameh had been worked on for thirty years

Shakespeare had composed many sonnets
Many sonnets had been composed

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان گذشته کامل، پس از had، از been استفاده می شود
مثال:
He had spoken to me.
I had been spoken
I had heard her song.
Her song had been heard
زمان گذشته کامل استمراری (ماضی بعید استمراری) جملات در قالب این زمان شکل مجهول ندارند
Ferdowsi had been working on Shahnameh for thirty years
They had been completing construction of two bridges two years ago
Shakespeare had been composing many sonnets
زمان آینده ساده
I shall study my lessons tomorrow
My lessons will be studied tomorrow

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان آینده ساده، پس از will یا shall، از be استفاده می شود
مثال:
You will speak English.
English will be spoken

She will play the violin in the concert.
The violin will be played in the concert

زمان آینده ساده استمراری جملات در قالب این زمان شکل مجهول ندارند
I shall be studying my lessons tomorrow this time
They will be arguing about the issue next week this time
زمان آینده کامل
They will have argued about the issue by next week
The issue will have been argued by next week
I shall have studied my lessons by July
My lessons will have been studied by July

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان آینده کامل، پس از have will یا shall have، از been استفاده می شود
مثال
You will have spoken English by June.
English will have been spoken by June

He will have brought his friend to the class.
His friend will have been brought to the class
جملاتی که فعل کمکی دارند
will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, have to, has to, had to

He can lift heavy loads easily
Heavy loads can be lifted easily

We must obey the rules and laws
The rules and laws must be obeyed

The baby may damage the computer
The computer may be damaged

They have to attend the conference
The conference has to be attended
توجه: در شکل مجهول جملاتی که فعل کمکی دارند، پس از نوشتن فعل کمکی، از be استفاده می شود
مثال:
He can study his lessons in the class.
His lessons can be studied in the class

She may work on this project.
This project may be worked on

I shall bring a gift for you.
A gift shall be brought for you

He might quit smoking.
Smoking might be quit

We will watch the film.
The film will be watched