1.A) Those vowels that are the most familiar to the speakers of most European languages are called primary cardinal vowels.
1. The primary cardinal vowels sound strange and exaggerated to most speakers because they are not actual vowels of actual language. They show the extreme vowel quality (like a framework) but in actual languages the place of these vowels may differ a little but they are in the same area .for example the open vowels might not be as open as illustrated in the charts of primary vowels.
2.i is a primary cardinal vowel but I is a short vowel of English. I is not as close and front as i.
3.


4. i) Rounded, where the corners of the lips are brought towards each other and the lips pushed forwards. This is most clearly seen in cardinal vowel no.8 .
ii) Spread, with the corners of the lips moved away from each other, as for a smile. This is most clearly seen in cardinal vowel no.1 .
iii) Neutral, where the lips are not noticeably rounded or spread. The noise most English people make when the

y are hesitating (written "er") has neutral lip position.
chapter3
5. The five long vowels are different from the six short vowels not only in length but also in quality. If we compare some similar pairs of long and short vowels, for example I with i: or u with u:, or ae with a:, we can see distinct differences in quality (resulting from differences in tongue shape and position, and lip position) as well as in length.
6. A vowel which remains constant and does not glide is called pure vowel.
7.sounds which consists of a movement or glide from one vowel to another are called diphthongs which are similar to the long vowels.

8.no, in the pronounciation of diphthongs the first part is much longer ans stronger than the second part.
9. A. There are five triphthongs in English made up from five diphthongs with a schwa added at the end.
B.


C.because in present -day english the extent of the vowel movement is very small except in very careful pronunciation. so the middle of the three vowels qualities of the triphthong can hardly be heard and the resulting sound is difficult to distinquish from some of the diphthongs and long vowels.