The questions of chapter4
1-a. wide apart; the vocal folds are wide apart for normal breathing and usually during voiceless consonants like p, f, s
b. narrow glottis; if air is passed through the glottis when it is narrowed. The result is a fricative sound for which the symbol is h.
c. position for vocal fold vibration; when the edges of the vocal folds are touching each other, or nearly touching, air passing through the glottis will usually cause vibration.
d.vocal folds tightly closed; the vocal folds can be firmly pressed together so that air cannot pass between them. When this happens in speech we call it a glottal stop or glottal passive, for which we use the symbol?
2-h
3-/h/=arytenoids cartilages causing closing and opening of the glottis
/? /=four different states of the glottis
/s/= the larynx
/z/= the inside of the larynx seen from above
4- a. the first phase is when the articulator or articulators move to form the stricture for the plosive. We called this the closing phase.
b. the second phase is when the compressed air is stopped from escaping. We call this the compression phase.
c. the third phase is when the articulators used to form the stricture are moved so as to allow air to escape. This is the release phase.
d. the fourth phase is what happens immediately after third phase, so we will call it the post-release phase.
5-English has six plosive consonants; p, t, k, b, d, g. the glottal plosive? occurs frequently but it is of less importance, since it is usually just an alternative pronunciation of p, t, k in certain contexts. The plosives have different places of articulation. The plosives p, b are bilabial since the lips are pressed together, t,d are alveolar since the tongue blade is pressed against the alveolar ridge. Normally the tongue dose not touch the front teeth as it does in the dental plosives found in many languages. The plosives k, g are velar; the back of the tongue is pressed against the area where the hard palate ends the soft palate begins.


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Chapter4 answers

Answers of chapter 4

chapter 4