جواب بعضی از سوالات فونولوژی

dear professor
please kindly find attachment of chapter 2 and 3 answers,i hope that it meets your desire .

thanking in advanced
sincerely yours
HOSSEIN MOQADDAM

1. Primary cardinal vowels are as follow: i, e, Ɛ, a, ɑ, ↄ, o and u.
Primary cardinal vowels are the most familiar to the speakers of most European Languages.
2.
3. , [e], [ə], [æ], [ɑ], [ʊ]

4. Roundness of the vowel is knowing that whether the lips are rounded or not. For example, is pronounced by rounding the lips, but [a] is not (it is an unrounded vowel or Spread vowel).
5. Long vowels are different from short vowels not only in length but also in quality. If we compare some similar pairs of long and short vowels, we can see distinct differences in quality (resulting from differences in tongue shape and position and lips position) as well as in length.
6. A vowel which remains constant and does not glide is called a pure vowel, and one of the most common pronunciation mistakes that result in a learner of English having a "foreign" accent is the production of pure vowels where a diphthong should be pronounced.
7. Diphthongs: sounds which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another. In terms of length, diphthongs are like the long vowels. Perhaps the most important thing to remember about all the diphthongs is that the first part is much longer and stronger than the second part. Closing & Centering Diphthongs.
8. No. The most important thing to remember about all the diphthongs is that the first part is much longer and stronger than the second part.
9. The most complex English sounds of the vowel type are the triphthongs. They can be rather difficult to pronounce, and very difficult to recognize. A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption.
The triphthongs can be looked on as being composed of the five closing diphthongs described in the last section, with /ǝ/ added on the end. Thus we get:
eɪ + ǝ = eɪǝ
aɪ + ǝ = aɪǝ
ɔɪ + ǝ = ɔɪǝ
ǝʊ + ǝ = ǝʊǝ
ǝʊ + ǝ = ǝʊǝ

10. The principal cause of difficulty for the foreign learner is that in present-day English the extent of the vowel movement is very small, except in very careful pronunciation. Because of this, the middle of the three vowel qualities of the triphthong (that is, the /ɪ/ or /ʊ/ part) can hardly be heard and the resulting sound is difficult to distinguish from some of the diphthongs and long vowels.

1-the vowels that are most familiar to the speakers of most European languages.
English vowels is unfamiliar to the speakers.
2- this is one of the symbol of English short vowels but i is a symbol of primary cardinal
vowels.
4- Rounded : the lips are brought towards each other and lips push toward
Spread: the lips moved away from each other like smiling
Neutral: the lips are not noticeably rounded or spread
7- they are sounds which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another.
centring and closing.

chapter 1 to 3

answer of chaptre 1


1.a)phoneme is: vowels and constants pin-pen and pet -bet

b)IPA is: international phonetic association

c)stress is:which could be roughly described as the relative strength of a syllable

d)intonation is: the use of the pitch of the voice to convey meaning


4.in order to learn how the sound of speech are prodced it is ecesssary to become
familiar with the diffrent parts of the vocal tract , these diffrente part are
called articulator , and the study of them is called articulatory phonetics


5.consontants have meaning and use in talking it called vowels .
vowels are sound in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips.
is the diffrence in the way that they are produced , there will inevitably be some cases of certainly or
disagreement , this is probleme that can not be avoided .



7. three positions these are : 1.Rounded 2.Spread 3. Neutral





answer of chapter2

1. -[e]-[ɜ]-[a]--[o]-[ɔ]-[ɑ]these are the vowels that are most familiar to the speakers of most european languages , and there are othere
cardinal vowels (secondary cardinal vowels) that sound less familiar.in this course cardinal vowels are printed
within square brackets [] to distinguish them clearly from english vowel sounds



2. this vowel is in the close front area,compared with cardinal vowel it is more open,and nearer in to the center.the lips are slightly spread.


4.where the corners of the lips are brought towards each other and the lips pushed forwards.
This is the most clearly seen in cardinal vowels .Spread:With the corners of the lips moved
away from each other,as for a smile.This is the most clearly seen in cardinal vowel .
Neutral:Where the lips are not noticeably rounded or spread.The noise most English people make when they are hesitating like [schwa].


answer of chapter3

6.A vowel which remains constant and does not glide is called a pure vowel.


7.Sound which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another.Two vowel sounds pronounced as one syllable.It ends with schwa.


8.No,the first part is much longer and stronger than the second part.