سوالات فصل 6

Chapter 6,phonetics
1. How do we pronounce fricatives?
Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that air escape through a narrow passage and make a hissing sound.
2.Name English fricative sounds and give their features?
Make a long hissing s sound and gradually lower your tongue so that it is no longer close to the roof of the mouth. The hissing sound will stop as the air passage gets larger.
Make a long f sound and while you are producing this sound use your fingers to pull the lower lip away from the upper teeth . notice how the hissing sound of the air escaping between teeth and lip suddenly stops.
3. Define affricatives?
Fricatives are rather complex consonants. They begin as plosive and end as fricatives.
4. Write features for English affricatives?

5.Are all "plosive+fricative" combinations called "affricates"? Give examples.
No , we wouldnot class all sequance of plusive plus fricative as affricates for example we find in the middle of the word breakfast the plosive k followed by the fricative f. english speaker would generally not accept that kf forms a consonantal unit in the way that ʈʃ seems to.
6.What is the meaning of "homorganic"?
If two sounds are made by the same articulayors they arehomorganic. Like t, d and ʃ, ɜ being made with the tongue blade against the alveolar ridge.
7.How is "h" pronounced between two vowels?
When h occurs between voiced sounds it is pronounced with voicing-not the normal voicing of vowels
8. What is "breathy voice"?
A weak, slightly fricative sound are called breathy voice.
9. How do native speakers of English pronounce the initial phonemes of the words "when" and"yet"? most of the speakers pronounce the initial sound of these words as w but there are some who pronounce the sound used by most american and scottish speaker a voiceless fricative with the same lip, tongue and jaw positionas w. the phonetic symbol for this voiceless fricative is ʍ
10. in the following situations , how do the "fortis" affect the preceding parts?
a) V+fortis(at the end of syllable)
it shortens the preceding vowel by a syllable-final fortis consonant
b) /l,m,n/+fortis
the syllable ending with l,m,n follow by a fortis consonants such as p,t,k as in belt, bump, bent, bank they r considerably shortened.

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1. How do we pronounce fricatives?
Are consonants with the characteristic that air escapes through a narrow passage and makes a hissing sound.
2.Name English fricative sounds and give their features?
S & f
3. Define affricatives?
Affricatives are rather complex consonants. They begin as plosives and end as fricatives.
4. Write features for English affricatives?
5.Are all "plosive+fricative" combinations called "affricates"? Give examples.
'church' is transcribed as t∫Ʒ:∫
'breakfast'
6.What is the meaning of "homorganic"?
It is usually said that the plosive and the following fricative must be made with the same articulators – the plosive and fricative must be homorganic.
7.How is "h" pronounced between two vowels?
glottal
8. What is "breathy voice"?
It is noticeable that when h occurs between voiced sounds, it is pronounced with voicing – not the normal voicing of vowels but a weak, slightly fricative sound called breathy voice.
9. How do native speakers of English pronounce the initial phonemes of the words "when" and"yet"?