سوالات فصل 5

فصل 5

allophones= when we talk about diffrent realisation of phonemes these realisation are allophone

complementary diston= when we find this strick separation of places where particular realisation can occur we say that the realisation are in complentary distribution

Phonetics,chapter5
1. Define the following terms?
A.phoneme
Just as there is an abstract alphabet as the basis of our writng, so there is an abstract set of units as the basis of our speech. These units are called phonemes.
B. phonemic system
The complete set of these units is called the phonemic system of the language. The phonemes themselves are abstract, but there are many slightly different ways in which we make the sounds that represent these phonemes, just as there are many ways in which we may make a mark on a piece of paper to represent a particular letter of the alphabet.
C. allophone
One more technical term needs to be introduced: when we talk about different realistions of phonemes, we sometimes call these realisations allophones. In the last example, we were stuying the aspirated and unaspirated allophones of the phoneme t. Usually we do not indicate different allophones when we write symbols to represent sounds.
2.What does "complementary distribution" means?
Each alphones of the phonemes in an invironment where the other alphones that phonemes cann't be used.
3. What is the difference between phonemic and phonetic transcription?
One of the traditional exercises in ptonunciation teaching by phonetic methods is that phonemic transcription, where every speech sound must be identified as one of the phonemes and written with the appropriate symbole.
Basically the symbols are for one of two purposes: either they are symbols for phonemes or they are phonetic symbols (which is what the symbols were first introduced as.)
4. How many types of phonemic transcription do we have? What is their difference?
There are two different kinds of transcription exercise: in one, transcription from dictation, the student must listen to a person, or a recording, and write down what they hear; in the other, transcription from a written text, the student is a given a passage written in orthography and must use phonemic symbols to represent how she or he thinks it would be pronounced by a speaker of a particular accent.

5.What is phonology? What does it study?
When we talk about how phonemes function in language, and the relationship among the different phonemes-when, in other words, we study the abstract side of the sounds od language, we are studying a related but different subject that we call phonology.
6.What is the meaning of "suprasegmental features"?
Intonation is also important: if the word right is said with the pitch of the voice rising, it is likely to be heard as a question or as an invitation to a speaker to continue, while falling pitch is more likely to be heard as confirmation or agreement.

Phonetics,chapter5
1. Define the following terms?
A.phoneme
There is an abstract alphabet as the basis of our writing so there is an abstract set of units as the basis of our speech these units are called phonemes.
B. phonemic system
The complete set of phonemes is called phonemic system.
C. allophone
When we talk about different realisations of phonemes we call these realisations allophones.
2.What does "complementary distribution" means?
Each allophone of a phoneme is used in an environment when the other allophone of the phoneme can not be used.
3. What is the difference between phonemic and phonetic transcription?
the difference between the two is that the phonetic transcription considers all the details and all the phonetic information about sounds (phone) as you choose this transcription. we use the square brackets to represent it [ ] but the phonemic transcription does not consider the details as you choose it for transcription. here we use the slashes / / ex : phonetic : cat [kʰæ t ] here the k with h means aspirated ( details ) phonemic : cat / kæt /
4. How many types of phonemic transcription do we have? What is their difference?
A phonetic transcription containing a lot of information about the exact quality of the sounds would be called a narrow phonetic transcription while one which only included a little more information than a phonemic transcription would be called a broad phonetic transcription. One further type of transcription is one which is basically phonemic but contains additional symbolic information about allophones of particular symbols this is called an allophonic transcription.

5.What is phonology? What does it study?
When we talk about how phonemes function in a language and the relationship among the different phonemes, in other word when we study the abstract side of the sounds of language we are studying a related but different subject we call phonology.
6. What is the meaning of "suprasegmental features"?
Sound contrast that extend over several segments (phonemes) and such contrasts are called supersegmental.

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