Chapter4
1. Explain four possible states of vocal folds?
1: wide apart, the vocal folds are wide apart for normal breathing and usually during voicless consonant like p,f,s
2: narrow glottis, if air is passed through the glottis hen it is narrowd the result is a fricative sound for which the symbo is h. the sound is not very different from a whispered vowel it is called a voiceless glottal fricative.
3: position for vocal fold vibration, when the edge of the vocal fold are touching each other or nearly touching air passing through the glottis will usually cause vibration. air is pressed uo from the lungs and this air push the vocal folds apart so that a little air escape. as the air flows quickly past the edge of the vocal folds , the folds are brought together again. this opening and closing happens very rapidly and is repeated regurarly, roughly between two and three hundres times per second in a woman's voice and about half that rate in an adult man's voice.
4: vocal folds tightly closed, the vocal folds can be firmly pressed together so that air can not pass between them. when this happens in speech we call it a glottal stop or glottal plusive for which we use the symbol ?

2. When the glottis is wide open ,which phoneme can be produced?
h
3. In which state of vocal folds can we produce the following phonemes?
/h/ narrow glottis /?/vocal folds tightly closed /z/ position for vocal fols vibration /s/wide apart
4. Explain the steps we take for the production of plosives?
1-the first phase is when the articulator or articulators move to from the stricture for the plossive we call this the closing phase.
2-the second phase is when the compressed air is stopped from escaping we call this the compression phase
3- the thied phase is when the articulators used to form the stricture are moved so as to allow air to escape . this is the release phase.
4- the fourth phase is what happens immidiately after so we will call it the post - release phase.
5.Name English plosives and give their features?
p-t-k-b-d-g
p and b are bilabial, t and d are alveolar, k and g are velar
p-t-k are always voiceless , b-d-g are sometimes fully voiced and sometimes partly voiced and sometimes voiceless
6. If we have a "CV" syllable while "C" is a plosive, explain its production?
Initial position (CV): the closing phase for p,t,k and b,d, takes place silently during the compression phase here is no voicing n p,t,k ; in b,d,g there is normally very little voicing it begins only just before the release. If the speaker pronounce an initial b,d,g very slowly and carefully there may be voicing during the entire compression phase the plosive is then fully voiced. While in rapid speech there may be no voicing at all.
7.How do native English distinguish +v and_v plosives in the initial,medial and final position?
If an english speaker hear a fully voiced initial plosive they will hear it as one of b,d,g but will notice that it doesnot sound quite natural. If they hear a voiceless unaspirated plosive they will also hear that as one of b,d,g because it is aspiration , not voicing which distinguish initial p,t,k from b,d,g only when they hear a voiceless aspirated plosive will they hear it as one of p,t,k ;experiment have shown that a receive aspiration when thee is a delay between the sound of plosion anf the beginning of voicing.when one of p,t,k is preceded by s it is unaspirated , the unaspirated p,t,k the initial combinations sp,st,sk have the sound quality that makes english speakers preceive a plosive as one of b,d,g if recordinf of a word beginning with one of sp,st,sk is heard with the s removed an initial b,d or g is perceived by english speakers.
8.Explain the meaning of fortis and lenis then name fortis and lenis plosives? p-t-k are produced with more force than b-d-g and that it would therefore be better to give the two sets of plossivenames that indicate that fact so the voiceless plossive p,t,k are sometimes called fortis (meaning strong) and b,d,g are then called lenis (meaning weak)

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