پاسخ سوالات جلسه دوم

Answers of chapter4
1-a) wide apart: the vocal folds are wide apart for normal breathing like P,F,S
b) narrow glottis: if air is passed through the glottis when it is narrow like fricative sound like h
c) position for vocal fold vibration: when the edges the vocal folds are touching each other or nearly touching, air passing through the glottis.
d) vocal folds tightly closed: the vocal folds can be firmly passed together so that air cannot pass between them like ?
2-/p,f,s/
3-/h/: narrow glottis /?/: vocal folds tightly closed /z/: position for vocal fold vibration /s/: wide apart
4-a)closing phase:when the articulators move to form the stricture for the plosive.
b)compression phase: when the compressed air is stopped from escaping.
c)release phase:when the articulators used to form the stricture are moved so as to allow air to escape.
d) post-release phase: what happens immediately after
5)p:+cons,+plosive,+bilabial,-voice,+forties
b:+cons,+plosive,+bilabial,-voice,+forties
t:+cons,+plosive,+alveolar,-voice
d:+cons,+plosive,+alveolar,+voice
k:+cons,+plosive,+velar,-voice
g:+cons,+plosive,+alveolar,+voice
6)the closing phase for plosives takes silently.during the compression phase there is no voising
7)the voiceless plosive p,t,k are sometimes callel forties(meaning strong) and b,d,g are called lenis(meaning weak)


Phonetics,chapter5
1. Define the following terms?
A.phoneme
There is an abstract alphabet as the basis of our writing, so there is an abstract set of units as the basis of our speech. These units are called phonemes,
B. phonemic system
The complete set of these units is called the phonemic system of the language
C. allophone
When we talk about different realisations of phonemes, we sometimes call these realisations allophones.
2.What does "complementary distribution" means?
The aspirated realisation will never be found in the place where the unaspirated realisation is appropriate, and vice versa. When we find this strict separation of places where particular realisations can occur, we say that the realisations are in complementary distribution.
3. What is the difference between phonemic and phonetic transcription?
We have now seen a number of symbols of several different sorts. Basically the symbols are for one of two purposes: either they are symbols for phonemes (phonemic symbols) or they are phonetic symbols (which is what the symbols were first introduced as).
Phonemic transcription, where every speech sound must be identified as one of the phonemes and written with the appropriate symbol
4. How many types of phonemic transcription do we have? What is their difference? There are two different kinds of transcription exercise: in one, transcription from dictation, the student must listen to a person, or a recording, and write down what they hear; in the other, transcription from a written text, the student is given a passage written in orthography and must use phonemic symbols to represent how she or he thinks it would be pronounced by
5.What is phonology? What does it study? when, in other words, we study the abstract side of the sounds of language, we are studying a related but different subject that we call phonology.
6.What is the meaning of "suprasegmental features"?
Sound contrasts that extend over several segments (phonemes), and such contrasts are called suprasegmental.