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chapter2
1. What are "primary cardinal vowels"?
The important different sounds that we produce with changing the position of our tongue from back to front in close position to open position based on:





Cardinal vowel no.1 has the symbol , and is defined as the vowel which is as close and as front as it is possible to make a vowel without obstructing the flow of air enough to produce friction noise; friction noise is the hissing sound that one hears in consonants like s or f. Cardinal vowel no.5 has the symbol [a] and is defined as the most open and back vowel that it is possible to make. Cardinal vowel no.8 is fully close and back and no.4 [a] is fully open and front. After establishing these extreme points, it is possible to put in intermediate points (vowels no.2, 3, 6 and 7).
What is the difference between primary cardinal vowels and English vowels?
It is their different lengths in different context.


2. What is the difference between and i?
refers to the one pronunciation of one or more than one different vowels in one word, but i refers to the just one sound that one vowel has.

3. Name English short vowels and show their positions on a diagram?





English has a large number of vowel sounds; the first ones to be examined are short vowels. The symbols for these short vowels are: I, e, ae, /\, D, u
4. Explain the possible position of lips while producing vowels?
i) Rounded, where the corners of the lips are brought towards each other and the lips pushed forwards. This is most clearly seen in cardinal vowel no.8 .
ii) Spread, with the corners of the lips moved away from each other, as for a smile. This is most clearly seen in cardinal vowel no.1 .
iii) Neutral, where the lips are not noticeably rounded or spread. The noise most English people make when they are hesitating (written "er") has neutral lip position.






chapter3
5. Is the length the only difference between long and short vowels?
The five long vowels are different from the six short vowels not only in length but also in quality. If we compare some similar pairs of long and short vowels, for example I with i: or u with u:, or ae with a:, we can see distinct differences in quality (resulting from differences in tongue shape and position, and lip position) as well as in length.
6. What is a pure vowel?
In diphthongs, sounds consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another. A vowel which remains constant and does not glide is called pure vowel.
7.What are diphthongs?Name the diphthongs of English?
8.Do we pronounce two parts of diphthongs with equal strenght?
9.What are triphthongs? name English triphthongs?
Why is it difficult forforeign learners of English to recognize triphthongs?