‡All sounds we make when we speak are the results of muscles contracting.
‡The muscles in the chest that we use for breathing produce the flow of air that is needed for almost all speech sounds.
‡After passing through the larynx, the air goes through what we call the vocal tract, ends at the mouths and nostrils.
‡ Parts of body that involves in produce sounds called as Speech Organ or Articulators.
SPEECH ORGAN
‡Speech organs produce the many sounds needed for language.
‡ Organs Involve including:
Glottis
SPEECH ORGANSPEECH ORGAN
‡Speech organs are divide into two:
1)Passive articulator-remains static during the articulation of sound .e.g. Upper lips, upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate
2)Active articulator-move towards these passive articulators to produce various speech sounds .e.g. tongue, uvula, lower jaw.
PEECH ORGAN
SPEECH ORGAN -Pharynx
‡Tube which begins just above the larynx.
‡7cm long (women), 8cm long (men).
‡At its top end it is divided into 2:
‡We can see the back of pharynx by looking into the mirror with the mouth open.
1)Being the back of the mouth.2)Being the beginning of the way through the nasal cavity.
SPEECH ORGAN Velum @ Soft palate‡
The top part of the inside of your mouth
Parts that allows air to pass through the nose and through the mouth.
Often in speech, it is raised so that air cannot escape through the nose.
It is one of the articulators that can be touch by tongue.
‡
Often called roof of the mouth.
Can be felt by tongue. It is smooth curved surface.
SPEECH ORGAN Alveolar ridge
‡
It is between the top front teeth and the hard palate. We can feel its shape with our tongue. Its surface is really much rougher than it feels, and is covered with little ridges.
The large soft piece of flesh in the mouth which we can move and which we use for tasting, speaking, etc.
‡The most important articulator.
‡Figure below shows the larger scale of tongue with parts shown: tip, blade, front, back, root.
Tip Blade fronttBackRoot
The tongue is in contact with the upper side teeth for many speech sounds.
‡
Sound made with the tongue touching the front teeth called dental.
They can be pressed together (when we produced sounds p & b), brought into contact with the teeth (f,v), or rounded to produce the lip-shape for vowels (u)
‡
Sound in which the lips are in contact with each other are called bilabial, while those with lip-to-teeth contact are called labia dental.
ORGAN
‡ The seven articulators described before are the main ones used in speech.
‡ But, there are 3 others to remember.
1)Larynx2)Jaws3)Nose & nasal cavity
VOWEL DIPHTHONG
‡Diphthong is a vowel sound in which the tongue changes position to produce the sound of two vowels.
‡Other explanation, sound which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another.
‡E.g. oo, ao, ai.
‡The most important thing to remember about all the diphthongs is that the 1st part is much longer &stronger than the 2nd part.
VOWEL DIPHTHONG
‡Most of the diphthong
a
I
Consist of the
a
Vowel, and only in about the last quarter of the diphthong does the glide to
I
Become noticeable.
‡As the glide to
I
Happens, the loudness of the sound decreases.
‡As the result, the
I
Part is shorter & quieter. The last part of English diphthongs must not be made too strongly.
VOWEL DIPHTHONG
‡The total number of diphthong is eight.
‡It easily divided into 3 groups:

Diphthong
C
entering
C
losing ending in

ending in
I
E
ending in

I

e



e
I
b
I
a
I


a

VOWEL DIPHTHONG
CONSONANT (kon-suh-nuhnt)
‡
A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a constriction or closure at one or more points along the vocal tract.
‡In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract.
‡e.g.;
1)[p] pronounced with the lips2)[t], pronounced with the front of the tongue3)[k], pronounced with the back of the tongue4)[h], pronounced in the throat5)[f] and , which are noisy (fricatives)6)[m] and [n], which have air flowing through the nose (nasals)
‡Since the number of consonants in the world's languages is much greater than the number of consonant letters in any one alphabet, linguists have devised systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to assign a unique symbol to each attested consonant.
‡The word consonant is also used to refer to a letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound.
‡Consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F,G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y & Z
CONSONANT
‡There are a group of consonants called sonorant that sometimes act as vowels, occupying the peak of a syllable, and sometimes act as consonants.
‡For example, in English, the sound [m] in "mud" is a consonant, but in "prism", it occupies an entire syllable, as a vowel would.
‡Each consonant can be distinguished (differentiate) by several features:
1)The manner of articulation is the method that the consonant is articulated, such as nasal, stop, orapproximant.2)The place of articulation is where in the vocal tract the articulators of the consonant act, such as bilabial, alveolar, or velar.3)The phonation method of a consonant is whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating during articulation of a consonant. When the vocal cords are vibrating, the consonant is voiced; when they're not, it's voiceless
4)Aspiration is also a feature of phonation.5)The airstream mechanism is how the air moves through the vocal tract during articulation.6)All English consonants can be classified by a combination of these, such as "voiceless alveolar stop consonant" [t]. In this case, the airstream mechanism is omitted.

THE END
http://www.scribd.com/doc/58709744/Speech-Organ-Vowel-Diphtong-Consonants