Meaning ---Based translation
A Guide to Cross__Language Equivalence


This book has 37 chapters
Contents
Overview of the Translation Task
The Lexicon
Propositional Structure
Communication Relations
Texts
The Translation Program
Bibliography
Index


Chapter 5
Steps in a Translation project
1. Text
2. Target audience
3. Team: Number of people( co- translators/ translator/ committee)
4. Tool: some helps

Text: It refers to the source language which is going to be translated It means that text are translated for different reasons and there are different text . For Example: psychology, scientific, political, and literal text
Target: it refers to the audience, we translate for whom is translation used in school, in business or red orally in a church or at home.
Team: it refers to people who are involved in translation. Most translation projects need a team ( A number of the people who are going to contribute to the translation.
A: co- translators: people who are specialist in SL and those people who are specialist in TL.
B. Translator: A translator with the ability to handle both TL andSL.
C: Committee: a group of people working together with specific responsibilities.

Tool: Any instrument or object which is used in translation. For Example: in your translation you get a help from a book, a dictionary or something else.
1. Exegesis: Means discovery the meaning of source language. A: It means that it is necessary to understand the meaning of SL.
B: it is your task to read the text several times in order to clarify cultural point or language of the text.
C: For discovering the meaning of the source language you can solve some problems which are:
resolving:1. Ambiguities
2. identifying implicit information
3. studying keywords
4. understanding secondary meaning

2. Transfer and initial draft: it means that you transfer SL to TL , information is the message which is going to be translated from SL to TL. It is the first draft and it is necessary to be analyzed by group of translators.

3. Evaluation: Means accuracy- clearness- naturalness
compare→ find the similarities
asking some questions

4.Revised draft: In this stage it is necessary to revise your draft. It means that it is necessary to change some keywords or to check some words or expressions.

5.Consultation: This is the next step in translation as it is clear, it is necessary to read your translation for some experts to be checked.

6.The final draft: It is the last step for translation a text. It means that final editing for spelling and punctuations is necessary to be done. A number of copies should be prepare for the final evaluation.
Chapter 6
Words as a "bundle" of Meaning
Concept: it used in the text to refer the meaning of words .e.g:
Ram can be broken to sheep- male- adult
It is clear that all languages have concepts but not the same concepts.
1.words: can be divided to Things, Event, Attribute, Relation. There for the word can refer to thing concept, Event concept, Attribute concept, and relation concept. E.g Speak is a verb concept , or blue is an attribute concept.

2.Some words have more than one concept . e.g: runner: is talking about a thing who is a person and event which is to run or worker means a person who works . It can be referred to a thing which is a person and activity which is an event(work). But there are some words like to perceive which is limited by other concept like your eyes, your ears, and your nose.
There for this word carries complicated meaning ,or complicated concepts

3. For a word in SL there are different words in TL and vice-versa. For example sad can be translated to this phrase:
. Sad→ Being broken feeling
4.Skewing of classification: There are 2 structures:
Blue sky Sky blue
In the first one blue modify the sky . Blue is an attribute and sky is a thing. In the second one sky which is a thing is used as an attribute which modifies blue. In this structure used as the thing, but the reality is that it is an attribute.
5.Many languages have special forms which make it possible to use an event concept as a noun, in grammar. E.g:
Knowledge→ To know
Ability→ Ability which is based on to be able to
Falling star→A star which is falling/ Falling is an event concept
Full reporter→To report fully
Restatement" It means that Saying something in another way. When you restate something from SL to TL you're trying to say it in another way . It means that:
A. semantic structures will be changed to semantic structures in TL in another word.B.There is addition or omission .C There should be a change in semantic components.
Teacher: A person who teaches
Island: A land which is surrounded by water
Help is coming: Somebody is going to help you
In these Examples one word carries the principle meaning and the other words will help you to understand the meaning of word better.

BY: Zahra.Tabatabaee Master: Ardalan. Moghim eslam