پاسخ به سئوالات جلسه دوم تحلیل مقابله ای
• What was the dominant philosophical view after the World War II? Which psychological and linguistic views were based on it?
After the World War II, empiricism was the common philosophy. Behaviorist psychology was greatly accepted in the scientific studies. According to it, the brain is a black box and we don’t know anything about its role. The brain is a blank pot and we just put knowledge in it! And learning happens through the process of “rote learning”. Structural Linguistics was based on this psychology.

• Which philosophical view was born during sixties?
Rationalism philosophy
Which psychological and linguistics view were born on the basis of this philosophy?
Generative Transformational Grammar was developed based on Cognitive Psychology. Cognitive-Learning Theory view the mind as an active agent in the thinking process and it emphasis on meaningful learning. According to this view learning takes place in the human organism through a meaningful process of relating new events or items to already existing cognitive concepts or propositions.
Humanistic Psychology is a new approach that believes the whole brain (left and right hemisphere) should work together in the process of learning.

They see learning as a human need. Carl Rogers worked on the ‘whole person” theory that human beings are physical, cognitive and emotional. He insisted that the emotional part is more important than the physical or cognitive parts. If they don’t like or want to learn they won’t learn. He believes in learner-centered approach of teaching. Teachers should help students learn how to learn. Teachers should make an association between learners’ emotional part and the new learning situation.


• What do linguists study in comparative historical linguistics?
Linguists can study and compare a single language during the time to find out about how they had changed. Or they compare two or several different but related languages to find their proto-language.